by The structure of Chinese traditional ancient buildings is complex.
This set of literacy map of wooden structure buildings is marked according to the construction method written by Li Jie of the Northern Song Dynasty.
The position and name of each component of the structure are clear at a glance and worthy of collection.
Explain the next four rafters, 栿 (f ú) is a beam, which is the main longitudinal load-bearing component of the building.
The transverse component above 栿 is 槫 (TU á n), which is now called purlin.
The small wooden rod built longitudinally above 槫 is the rafter (Chu á n).
The rafter between the two rafters is called one rafter.
In the photo, this rafter supports four rafters, which is called four rafters.
Similarly, six rafters support six rafters.
(the main hall of Guangren King Temple in Ruicheng, Shanxi Province) it’s still the beam frame just now.
The names of the main components are marked.
You can find the Ji according to the picture.
There will be differences in the style and use of components from generation to generation.
These differences are the main basis for dating according to the architectural form, but the overall framework has not changed for thousands of years.
(main hall of Guangren King Temple in Ruicheng, Shanxi Province) ridge ridge: the ridge at the highest point of the roof truss, located under the ridge.
Fork hands: on both sides of the ridge, the inclined supporting flat beam above the flat beam: also known as flat beam.
The beam at the top of the beam frame structure has two rafters, and the upper Shu column and fork hands support the ridge (main hall of Guangren King Temple in Ruicheng, Shanxi Province) this is a structural drawing of six rafters.
Six rafters are beams supporting six rafters.
Flat beams and tie bars are used above the six rafters to lift the mountain tip of the house.
There are few examples of six rafter eaves in early wooden structures.
This beam structure comes from the main hall of Chunhua temple in Pingshun, Shanxi Province.
Zha: how many beam structures are there in the ancient Liang architecture with one rafter long This is also a building with six rafters and eaves.
The structure is very different from the above figure.
Four rafters are used on the six rafters, Flat beams (two rafters) are used on the four rafters, which decrease layer by layer to form the peak of Chinese style houses.
(pujue temple, West Siyi, Zezhou, Shanxi) the amount of the appendix is the connecting component between the capitals.
It is installed on the capitals, and the epithelium is flush with the columns.
There is also such a connecting component at the lowest end of some architectural columns, which is called “dijue” 。 The common clapper is installed on the forehead of the column head appendix and pressed under the material.
The cross section between the Pupai square and the appendix forehead is in a “t” shape.
The early buildings generally did not use the Pupai square.
Among the more than a dozen existing buildings of the Tang and Five Dynasties, only the Mituo Hall of Pingshun Dayun courtyard used the Pupai square, which was widely used after the Song Dynasty.
(the main hall of dayunyuan, Qinxian County, Shanxi Province) paving is a structural unit composed of bucket arches, which is divided into three types.
The one standing on the column head is called column head paving; the one standing on the front forehead or common square between the two columns is called complementary paving, and the one standing on the corner column at the corner is called corner paving.
The attached figure shows the building on the top of the mountain.
Two column heads, three complementary rooms and two corner paving can be seen on the front eaves.
If it is a hanging mountain Top, there is no corner paving.
(main hall of Puzhao temple in Qinxian County, Shanxi Province) this schematic diagram is made of seven shops.
The number of shops = the number of jumps + 3.
In the above figure, double copy, double hold up and four jumps are four floors, and there are seven layers of materials, playing head and lining square head.
It is called seven shops.
(ten thousand Buddha Hall of Guosi temple in Pingyao Town, Shanxi Province) it is the same shop as the above figure, and the names of various components are marked from different perspectives.
(Wanfo hall, Guosi, Pingyao Town, Shanxi Province) the big material at the bottom of the paving layer is called “Guazi”.
The doughnuts protruding longitudinally in the mouth of the material are called “Huagong”.
The doughnuts protruding laterally in the mouth of the material intersect with the “Huagong”, and the “Guazi” is the doughnuts protruding horizontally on the head of the “Huagong” (except for the outermost jump), there are interactive materials under the doughnut, and the two ends of the doughnut sit on loose materials and bear the slow doughnut.
The slow doughnut is the transverse doughnut applied on the clay doughnut and Guazi doughnut.
The linggong is the transverse doughnut applied on the outermost jump, which is spread outside under the wind or eaves, and turns inside under the bow.
Linggong and Guazi doughnut are both transverse doughnuts applied on the jumping head.
The difference is that linggong is on the outermost jump and Guazi is on the inside Jump on your head.
Interactive materials are applied to jumping head and cross opening; Apply it to the opening along the body under the substitute wood.
Bulk materials are applied to the two ends of the transverse arch or the jumping head made by stealing the heart.
The concentric material is used for the center of the Dougong.
In the figure, a concentric material is used for the center of the linggong, and the two ends of the linggong are loose materials.
The column head square is a rectangle pressed on the center line of the column, which is the same as the roof and combined with the paving to connect the paving on the same side.
The common practice of early large woodwork in Shanxi is to pave the horizontal first jump into mud Dougong, which began to use multi-layer column head square, and slow Dougong is implicitly engraved on the column head square.
The arhat square is a rectangle located above the shop.
The outward turn is located between the stigma square and the wind square, and the inward turn is located between the stigma square and the fish square.
The place paved with the outermost support is called the wind support, which is also the lowest support in the whole roof truss structure.
This position is also used without support, which is called the eaves side.
The vast majority of early large woodwork in Shanxi used the wind ridge.
I have only seen a few examples of the application of the eaves square.
It is rare to directly support wood instead of linggong.
There are only some examples in the Tang and Song dynasties.
This picture shows the main hall of Guangren King Temple in Ruicheng, Shanxi Province in the Tang Dynasty.
If the horizontal Gong is used as the jumping head, it is called Jixin building, and if the horizontal Gong is not used, it is called sneaking heart building.
The attached picture shows a four jumping seven shop as the Dougong, Guazi Gong (horizontal Gong) is used on the head of the second jump, and linggong (horizontal Gong) is used on the head of the fourth jump, so these two jumps are called counting heart; horizontal Gong is not used on the head of the first and third jump, and these two jumps are called stealing heart.
The shop inside turn is generally simple.
Hua Gong and pressure jump are used in the drawing, and some only use Hua Gong directly.
(five side Buddha Hall of Baofeng temple in Tunliu, Shanxi Province) the five shops are made of single copy and single heavy Gong.
(the main hall of Dayun temple in Wuxiang, Shanxi Province) some ancient buildings use inclined components for Dougong ang and juggling head, and their shapes are similar.
How to distinguish between high and juggling head? The way to distinguish this situation is to see whether they jump.
Those who jump out are high and those who don’t jump out are juggling head.
As shown in the figure, the column head is paved.
Those who jump out of Tuoling Gong below are high and those who don’t jump out above are juggling head.
(Chongqing temple, the eldest son of Shanxi Province) Hua Gong or ang selects a section forward, which is called “jump” , in this photo, Hua Gong and ang each pick a section forward and jump.
This Dougong jumps two times in total.
If you don’t move your head forward, make a diagram to distinguish between fake ang and head playing.
False ang and true ang also jump.
The difference is that true ang is an inclined component, which is picked out by the lever principle, while false ang is a horizontal component, which only makes the ang tip into an ang shape, which is equivalent to Huagong.
The difference between fake ang and head playing is also to see whether they jump, In this figure, the lower part of the Tuoling Gong jumps is ang (false ang), and the upper part does not jump is juggling head.
(Guanyin Hall of Beishe, Pingshun, Shanxi) eaves and corner component name (Chunhua temple in Pingshun, Shanxi Province) the column head square is a horizontal square material located on the center line of the column head during the paving, and the uppermost layer at the same position is called the groove pressing square.
The attached figure shows the main hall of Nanchan temple in the Tang Dynasty in Wutai, Shanxi Province.
The second Tiaohua Gong is the four rafters in the hall.
The beam head extends out, and the groove pressing square is on the beam.
After the Song Dynasty, most beams did not participate in the Dougong, but pressed on the paving layer, and the groove pressing square is there Under the beam.
Concealed carving is a common technique in ancient architecture.
Instead of using independent slow arches, the buildings in this picture engrave the shape of slow arches on the square of the column head, and still use loose materials at both ends, This practice of carving some shapes on other components instead of using separate components is called “hidden carving” (the hall of wutainan Zen temple in Shanxi).
The protruding parts of the suspended mountain top and the nine ridge top are called “outbound”, and the rafters installed at the outbound are called “Xiatou rafters”, because the nine ridge top is also called “xialiangtou rafters”, while the suspended mountain top has no eaves, which is also called “Buxia Liangtou rafters” 。 The wind board is installed at the exit of the mountain to block the wind and rain.
Hanging fish and grass can not only protect the head, but also play a decorative role.
Hanging from the top of the mountain, the building faces the mountain.
(Dacheng Hall of Xiangyuan Confucian temple, Shanxi) the east mountain wall of the Yuan Dynasty main hall of Qingliu Laojun temple in Huguan County, a municipal cultural relics protection unit in Changzhi, Shanxi, collapsed in the rainy season in 2013.
The beam frame was exposed.
Six rafters, four rafters and three columns for milk are the most common beam frame structure form of early large woodwork in Southeast Shanxi.
This icon shows the names of the main components..
