by In recent years, with the implementation of housing industrialization, the superior building mode of precast housing has been widely used in residential buildings in various countries.
In the United States, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Australia, Singapore and other places, the proportion of precast buildings is relatively high, of which the proportion of precast residential components in Germany reaches 94.5%.
“Germany is the country with the fastest development of residential assembly and building energy consumption reduction in the world,” said glass Ludwig, vice president of the German construction industry association (gcia), “Based on the sustainable development of the whole green ecological industrial chain and the whole system of environmental protection and energy conservation, the German construction industry is paying attention to the industrial organization, production technology, management and maintenance and environmental protection recycling of the industrialization of precast residential buildings to further optimize the process of industry.” What are the characteristics and new trends of precast housing technology in Germany? Precast houses and buildings in Germany mainly adopt laminated slab, concrete and shear wall structural system, including shear wall panels, beams, columns, floors, internal partition panels, external hanging panels, balcony panels and other components.
Its component prefabrication and assembly construction has entered industrialized and professional design, standardized, modular and universal production.
Its component parts are easy to store and transport, can be reused for many times, temporary turnover, and have the permanent performance of energy saving, low consumption and green environmental protection.
Now, Germany has a long and mature experience in promoting assembled product technology and promoting green assembly of environmental protection and energy saving, and has established a very perfect green assembly and its product technology system.
Din design system “DIN design system” for cast buildings in Germany was promulgated in November 1990 and jointly formulated by the building and Civil Engineering Standards Committee and the German steel structure Committee.
Its system has been gradually incorporated into German industrial standards.
On the basis of modular coordination, it realizes the standardization and serialization of the size and connection of parts, so that the standard of German residential assembly parts is mature and universal, and the market share reaches 80%.
The design principles of the system are as follows: ① design concept.
“DIN design system” requires module combination from local to overall.
Firstly, a series of functional modules are formulated by the bedroom, secondary bedroom, living room, kitchen and toilet according to the design requirements and combined with the relevant module dimensions; After the functional modules are composed, they are assembled into a series of house types such as a, B, C and D, that is, house type modules; After the house type module is determined, it is assembled freely to complete the unit module, and finally different unit modules are combined to form various building units.
② Modular coordination.
The principle of modular coordination shall be observed in the design, so as to achieve modular coordination between buildings and parts, modular coordination between parts and integrated and industrialized production of parts, realize the integration of civil engineering and decoration under the principle of modular coordination, and achieve the decoration in place at one time.
③ Building code.
Take simplicity and regularity as the principle to avoid uneven distribution of stiffness, mass and bearing capacity; The flexibility and variability of residential layout should be satisfied; Fully consider the relationship between equipment pipeline and structural system and consider it in combination with floor cast-in-situ; Optimize the size and type of sleeve module; Laminated floor is preferred; Concrete post pouring is adopted between floors and between floors and walls to ensure integrity.
④ Structural principles.
The building shape, plane layout and structure shall comply with the principles and requirements of seismic design; The principles of reasonable stress, simple connection, convenient construction, less specifications and more combinations shall be followed; Vertical components such as bearing walls and columns should be continuous up and down, door and window openings should be aligned up and down, arranged in rows, and corner windows should not be used; The plane of the door and window opening.
In addition, there are specification requirements for energy-saving design, equipment and pipeline specifications, quality control, cost control, etc.
AB technology system AB technology system, that is, precast building technology system.
In the construction technology of precast houses and buildings in Germany, its Prefabrication Technology, structural technology and construction methods are as follows: ① block structure technology.
The precast building with precast block materials is suitable for building 3 ~ 5 storey buildings.
Block building has strong adaptability, simple production process, simple construction and low cost.
It can also use local materials and industrial waste.
② Plate structure technology.
It is assembled from precast large-scale internal and external wall panels, floors, roof panels and other plates.
It is the main type of fully assembled building in the industrial system.
However, it has great constraints on building modeling and building layout.
③ Box structure technology.
It is a kind of precast building developed on the basis of plate building.
This kind of building has a high degree of industrialization and fast on-site installation.
The composition of box building includes integral pouring type, skeleton strip assembly type and precast slab assembly type; Generally, not only the structural part of the box is completed in the factory, but also the internal decoration and equipment are installed.
Even the furniture and carpet can be installed completely.
The box can be used after the box is hoisted and the pipeline is connected.
The assembly technology of box building includes: full box, plate box, core box and skeleton box.
In addition, there are skeleton plate structure technology, sliding formwork structure technology, guide rod lifting plate structure technology, precast construction technology, etc.
Rap technology system, which is the robot automatic production technology system.
In recent years, the German construction industry has developed a variety of serial robot production technologies, which are mainly used for the prefabrication of complex components and parts of precast houses and buildings, such as the automatic production of sandwich walls, insulation sandwich surfaces or double-sided walls, interval solid walls and special-shaped floors..
