by Concrete, as one of the most commonly used building materials, has significant advantages in compressive strength and other aspects due to its unique composite material properties.
However, the low tensile performance and insufficient toughness of concrete limit its wider application in structural engineering [1-3].
Conventional concrete is prone to cracking under tension or bending, and rapidly expands to failure.
Especially in modern infrastructure construction, complex working conditions and harsh environments (such as high loads, salt solution erosion, and freeze-thaw cycles) pose higher requirements for material performance [4-5].
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