by Because of its good compressive strength, the structural system formed by brick as a structural material is mainly the structural system dominated by pressure such as wall bearing structural system and arch structure.
Before the emergence of modern building materials such as reinforced concrete, it was also used as the structural material of thin shell space structure.
Bricks can form compression members such as walls, columns and foundations.
Bricks can also be built into arches as lintels and stacked into domes as roof components.
Because of the similarities between brick and stone, their connection methods also have similarities.
Structural system and component form of brick 1: the stacking method of stacking brick can be divided into stacking, stacking and arching according to the different arrangement forms of brick.
Stacking refers to that there is no bonding material between bricks, and the stacking is made into a whole by gravity.
The stacking is not overhauled relative to the stacked bricks, and the bricks are mainly subjected to pressure (as shown in Figure 1).
Overlapping is to connect bricks into a whole by jumping out of layers to form the top of the building, or form overhanging, etc.
(as shown in Figure 1).
In terms of stress, the bricks of the stacked structure are not only under pressure, but also under shear.
Its stress is not as reasonable as that of the vault.
However, the construction is relatively convenient, and the specification of bricks required by this method is also small.
The difference between arching and overlapping is that the brick joint formed by the overlapping method is horizontal, while the brick joint formed by the arching method is angled with the horizontal plane, that is, the brick layers are built obliquely and folded to the center (as shown in Figure 1).
Figure 1: stacking form of bricks (self drawn by the author) 2: connection with bonding materials – mortar masonry of mortar brick refers to that the bricks are arranged according to certain technical requirements and bonded and connected with mortar as a whole.
Mortar is the bonding material to form masonry, which can bond the blocks to form a whole.
The arrangement mode of blocks determines the appearance characteristics of masonry.
The arrangement mode can be divided into full CIS type, upper and lower skin cis-d type, multi cis-d type, each skin cis-d type, three Trinity type, two flat and one side type, etc.
(as shown in Figure 2).
Figure 2 when applying the mortar laying method, the arrangement form of bricks is the same as the stacking method, which can be divided into mortar laying stack, mortar laying stack and mortar arching.
The difference between the two is whether there is bonding material or not.
Brick arching is widely used in brick lintels.
The form of brick arch lintel can be divided into flat arch, arc arch and semi-circular arch (Fig.
3).
Brick flat arch brick lintel is made of bricks on the side.
The mortar joint is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, so that the side bricks tilt to both sides and squeeze each other to form an arch.
The lower parts of both ends extend into the wall for 20-30mm, and the arching height in the middle is about 1 / 50 of the span.
It is used for door and window openings on non load-bearing walls, and the opening width is less than 1.2m.
The rise height of arc arch and semi-circular arch is multiple of half brick, the mortar joint is trapezoid, and the number of bricks in the arch span is odd.
Figure 3: arch form of brick lintel.
On the basis of arching, brick arch has further evolved into a structure in the form of barrel arch (Figure 4).
With bonding materials, the cylinder arch is mostly changed from parallel masonry to longitudinal masonry.
The parallel masonry method is convenient for masonry, but the connection between the coupons is poor, so the integrity of the arch is not strong.
The longitudinal masonry method has stronger structural integrity, regular radian and greater firmness than the parallel masonry method.
The most prominent application of mortar arching method is the construction of beamless hall.
Figure 4: the form of tube arch.
Two tube arches cross to form a new structure – arch shell.
Brick arch shell structure appeared in the late Western Han Dynasty.
There are two masonry methods of square plane arch shell, diagonal joint masonry (as shown in Figure 5) and cross arch shell masonry (as shown in Figure 5).
Figure 5: the connection form of arch shell brick dome was widely used in early Iranian tombs.
Almost all buildings in Central Asia and Persia are built with bricks.
Bricks have been used for a long time, and a variety of brick laying methods have been developed.
Different masonry methods have been used to form changeable patterns on the wall.
3: Reinforced masonry reinforced masonry is a masonry with reinforcement or reinforced concrete in the masonry.
The reinforced masonry adopted in China is divided into mesh reinforced masonry and composite brick masonry.
Mesh reinforced masonry is a kind of brick masonry with mesh reinforcement, which is configured in the horizontal mortar joint of masonry (as shown in Figure 6).
Mesh reinforced brick masonry is to place reinforcement mesh in the horizontal mortar joint of sintered ordinary brick masonry.
The vertical spacing of reinforcement mesh shall not be greater than the height of five bricks and shall not be greater than 400mm.
Composite brick masonry includes composite brick masonry composed of brick masonry plus reinforced concrete or reinforced mortar surface (as shown in Figure 6) and composite brick masonry supplemented by reinforced concrete structural columns (as shown in Figure 6).
Figure 6: reinforced masonry 4: mortise and tenon joint of mortise and tenon joint brick appeared earlier, which is more common in underground brick tombs unearthed in the Han Dynasty.
The quality of bonding materials in brick making in the Han Dynasty is poor.
The tongue and groove and wedge-shaped brick (as shown in Figure 7) using tenon and mortise connection method can greatly strengthen the tie between bricks and make the structure more reliable.
Figure 7: tongue and groove brick and wedge brick and their application source: Research on connection technology — Yu Wenyan..
